They are actions that are underpinned by biodiversity (Section 3.1) and are designed and implemented with the full engagement and consent of Indigenous Peoples and local communities (Section 3.2). Nature-based solutions (NbS) involve the protection, restoration or management of natural and semi-natural ecosystems the sustainable management of aquatic systems and working lands such as croplands or timberlands or the creation of novel ecosystems in and around cities or across the wider landscape. Meanwhile, increasing green space and planting trees in urban areas can help with cooling and flood abatement while mitigating air pollution, providing recreation and health benefits and sequestering carbon (Alves et al., 2019 Brink et al., 2016 Figure 1).Ĭonceptual diagram of nature-based solutions. For example, protecting and restoring habitats along shorelines or in upper catchments can contribute to climate change adaptation by protecting communities and infrastructure from flooding and erosion, at the same time as increasing carbon sequestration and protecting biodiversity (Smith et al., 2017). Although more research is needed, a rapidly growing evidence base (Chausson et al., 2020 Hanson et al., 2020) demonstrates that well-designed NbS can deliver multiple benefits (Seddon, Chausson, et al., 2020). NbS are actions that are broadly categorized as the protection, restoration or management of natural and semi-natural ecosystems, sustainable management of working lands and aquatic systems, or the creation of novel ecosystems (Figure 1). Nature-based solutions (NbS)-solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature-have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach that could address the twin crises of climate change and biodiversity loss (Seddon, Chausson, et al., 2020), while supporting a wide range of sustainable development goals (Gómez Martín et al., 2020 Maes et al., 2019). As evidence builds that the natural systems on which we depend are deteriorating beyond a point of no return (IPCC, 2018 Rockström et al., 2009 Steffen et al., 2015), it is clear that larger scale and more coherent approaches to tackling global challenges are needed. There is a growing realization that these challenges are interlinked and cannot be addressed independently (IPCC, 2019b Turney et al., 2020). Not only are we failing to stabilize the climate (IPCC, 2014, 2018) or stem the tide of biodiversity loss on land (IPBES, 2019 NYDF Assessment Partners, 2019 WWF, 2020a) and in the sea (IPCC, 2019a), but these failures are increasing poverty and inequality across the globe and are severely undermining the development gains of the 20th Century (IPBES, 2019 WEF, 2020a, 2020b). The past two years have seen the publication of several major global synthesis reports that collectively paint a bleak picture of the current state of the climate and biosphere. Only by following these guidelines will we design robust and resilient NbS that address the urgent challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss, sustaining nature and people together, now and into the future.
We urge policymakers, practitioners and researchers to consider the synergies and trade-offs associated with NbS and to follow four guiding principles to enable NbS to provide sustainable benefits to society: (1) NbS are not a substitute for the rapid phase out of fossil fuels (2) NbS involve a wide range of ecosystems on land and in the sea, not just forests (3) NbS are implemented with the full engagement and consent of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in a way that respects their cultural and ecological rights and (4) NbS should be explicitly designed to provide measurable benefits for biodiversity.
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Here, we discuss the promise and pitfalls of the NbS framing and its current political traction, and we present recommendations on how to get the message right. There are also concerns that the expansion of forestry framed as a climate change mitigation solution is coming at the cost of carbon rich and biodiverse native ecosystems and local resource rights. There are serious concerns that this is distracting from the need to rapidly phase out use of fossil fuels and protect existing intact ecosystems. Although well-designed NbS can deliver multiple benefits for people and nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting for carbon sequestration. Nature-based solutions (NbS)-solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature-have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach that can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development.
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